Coal consumption is poised for its biggest decline in history, driven
by China’s battle against pollution, economic reforms and its efforts
to promote renewable energy.
Global
use of the most polluting fuel fell 2.3 percent to 4.6 percent in the
first nine months of 2015 from the same period last year, according to a
report released Monday by the environmental group Greenpeace. That’s a
decline of as much as 180 million tons of standard coal, 40 million tons
more than Japan used in the same period.
[http://www.fool.com/ecap/the_motley_fool/buffett-threat/?psource=esatab7410860178&utm_campaign=buffettthreat-intl&campaign=the-motley-fool&utm_term=bloomberg&paid=8484&waid=8482&utm_medium=contentmarketing&utm_source=taboola&wsource=esatab7410860179&cellId=0&testId=buffett-threat]
Monday 23 November 2015
ACRRA
The Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority (ACRA) is the
national regulator of business entities and public accountants in
Singapore. ACRA also plays the role of a facilitator for the
development of business entities and the public accountancy
profession.
[https://www.acra.gov.sg/about_Acra/]
[https://www.acra.gov.sg/about_Acra/]
Sunday 22 November 2015
esdm
Visi dan Misi
VISITerwujudnya pengelolaan sumber daya mineral, batubara, panas bumi, dan air tanah yang berkelanjutan dan berwawasan lingkungan untuk memberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besarnya bagi kemakmuran rakyat.
- Melaksanakan pembangunan di bidang mineral, batubara, panas bumi, dan air tanah dengan memberikan manfaat dan nilai tambah yang optimal.
- Mewujudkan sumber daya manusia yang profesional, berdaya saing tinggi, dan bermoral dalam lingkungan global.
- Meningkatkan pembinaan kualitas penyelenggaraan personil, pendanaan, prasarana, dan dokumen.
- Mewujudkan Direktorat Jende
[http://www.esdm.go.id/directorate-general-of-mineral-and-coal/contact.html]
Black Mineral
Currently Asia Strategic Mining Corporation has been identified as one
of the promising Coal Mining company in Singapore which has potential to
expand in Indonesia.
Black Mineral provides a platform for the man on the street with direct access in coal mining. This out of the box and most of all a safe solution to partake in this lucrative coal mining industry without the need of complex responsibilities saves tremendous time and effort for the smart and savvy funders. Many funders are taking advantage of this opportunity for saving plans, family trust funds and personal pensions.
[http://blackmineral.com.sg/funding-opportunity]
Black Mineral provides a platform for the man on the street with direct access in coal mining. This out of the box and most of all a safe solution to partake in this lucrative coal mining industry without the need of complex responsibilities saves tremendous time and effort for the smart and savvy funders. Many funders are taking advantage of this opportunity for saving plans, family trust funds and personal pensions.
[http://blackmineral.com.sg/funding-opportunity]
China tighted Coal Import -Wood Mackenzie
Australia's struggling coal miners need to brace for several more years
of low prices before the current glut in supply is absorbed, with the
risk things get worse before they get better as China may impose even
tougher import restrictions, according to consultancy Wood Mackenzie.
Read more: http://www.smh.com.au/business/energy/china-may-further-toughen-restrictions-on-coal-imports-wood-mackenzie-says-20150727-giltfv.html#ixzz3sHdZlXh2
Follow us: @smh on Twitter | sydneymorningherald on Facebook
Read more: http://www.smh.com.au/business/energy/china-may-further-toughen-restrictions-on-coal-imports-wood-mackenzie-says-20150727-giltfv.html#ixzz3sHdZlXh2
Follow us: @smh on Twitter | sydneymorningherald on Facebook
China Coal Import dropped by 17 % in August 2015
* Imports from Jan to Aug down 31.3 pct on year* Currency devaluation erodes competitiveness of imports
* Exports rise 29.3 percent (Adds detail, background)
BEIJING, Sept 8 China, the world's largest coal buyer, imported 17.49 million tonnes of the fuel in August, down 17.7 percent from July, with already weak demand affected by a currency devaluation that made foreign coal more expensive.
Read more at Reutershttp://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/08/china-economy-trade-coal-idUSL4N11E1P920150908#OYrMDZu6MUC4QDeg.99
* Exports rise 29.3 percent (Adds detail, background)
BEIJING, Sept 8 China, the world's largest coal buyer, imported 17.49 million tonnes of the fuel in August, down 17.7 percent from July, with already weak demand affected by a currency devaluation that made foreign coal more expensive.
Read more at Reutershttp://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/08/china-economy-trade-coal-idUSL4N11E1P920150908#OYrMDZu6MUC4QDeg.99
Global thermal coal long-term outlook H1 2015
Coal consumption is under pressure. In developing economies, coal demand
continues to grow but more slowly than in the past. In China,
environmental policy, domestic protectionism, weaker economic growth and
structural change in the economy caused the arrival of "peak coal" last
year in coastal regions.
Meanwhile, western economies continue to transition away from coal. Seaborne providers are adapting. Low oil prices, mining productivity improvements and FOREX changes are helping miners adapt.
[http://www.woodmac.com/reports/coal-global-thermal-coal-long-term-outlook-h1-2015-29372108]
Meanwhile, western economies continue to transition away from coal. Seaborne providers are adapting. Low oil prices, mining productivity improvements and FOREX changes are helping miners adapt.
[http://www.woodmac.com/reports/coal-global-thermal-coal-long-term-outlook-h1-2015-29372108]
Global thermal coal short-term outlook October 2015
Global coal markets are facing extraordinary challenges and
uncertainties. Factors such as global overcapacity, weakening demand and
falling prices have created cautious investors. These factors have
caused delays and cancellations of many mine and infrastructure
projects, as well as lower growth rates at others.
[http://www.woodmac.com/reports/coal-global-thermal-coal-short-term-outlook-october-2015-33766108]
[http://www.woodmac.com/reports/coal-global-thermal-coal-short-term-outlook-october-2015-33766108]
5 Simple Reasons Why Coal Will Stay in Perpetual Demand
Coal is the energy source of choice in China, one of the fastest and
largest developing countries. China has no alternative to coal, as its
Liquefied Natural Gas (LPG) imports cost significantly more than coal,
and renewable energy sources cannot provide for its base load power.
According to the IEA, coal is set to surpass gas in South East Asia. ASEAN nations have energy demand growing at more than twice the global average, and will get 49% of their power from coal by 2035.
Energy consultancy firm Wood Mackenzie has predicted that coal will surpass oil as the key fuel for the global economy, by 2020.
Even with China out of the equation, most developed countries are still dependent on coal. The United States Department of Energy projects US coal consumption will increase by 8% from 2012 to 2040. German utilities in 2014 have switched focus away from natural gas, solar, and wind power to cheap coal.
Based on levelized costs, coal remains the cheapest energy source available, until such time that renewable sources (solar, wind, hydro) are advanced enough to be competitively priced.
[http://asmc.com.sg/industry-insights/market-trends]
According to the IEA, coal is set to surpass gas in South East Asia. ASEAN nations have energy demand growing at more than twice the global average, and will get 49% of their power from coal by 2035.
Energy consultancy firm Wood Mackenzie has predicted that coal will surpass oil as the key fuel for the global economy, by 2020.
Even with China out of the equation, most developed countries are still dependent on coal. The United States Department of Energy projects US coal consumption will increase by 8% from 2012 to 2040. German utilities in 2014 have switched focus away from natural gas, solar, and wind power to cheap coal.
Based on levelized costs, coal remains the cheapest energy source available, until such time that renewable sources (solar, wind, hydro) are advanced enough to be competitively priced.
[http://asmc.com.sg/industry-insights/market-trends]
Asia Strategic Mining Corporation (ASMC)
Asia Strategic Mining Corporation (ASMC) is a mining and energy
company that provides customised solutions. We recognise that everyone's
needs are different, and that every solution has to be different as
well. No matter how large, small, simple or complicated your project, we
have the experience and innovative edge to deliver an efficient
solution.
We are based in Singapore and are committed to the principles of responsible mining, integrity, teamwork, and respect for the environment. Beyond mining, our expertise includes exploration, trading, and mineral processing.
[http://asmc.com.sg/our-philosophy]
We are based in Singapore and are committed to the principles of responsible mining, integrity, teamwork, and respect for the environment. Beyond mining, our expertise includes exploration, trading, and mineral processing.
[http://asmc.com.sg/our-philosophy]
List of coal fired power stations in Indonesia
Bituminous coal or lignite
Existing
Note: IPP means independent power producerPower station | Operator | Location | District | Province | Sector | Region | Capacity per unit (MW) |
Installed capacity (MW) |
Notes | Coordinates | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bangka Belitung 3 coal-fired | PT. BMP (IPP) | Air Anyir | Bangka | Bangka Belitung | Government | Sumatera | 2 x 30 | 60 | |||
Bukit Asam coal-fired | PT. PLN | Tanjung Enim | Muara Enim | South Sumatra | Government | Sumatra | 4 x 65 | 260 | Boiler from Stein, Turbines from Rateau and generators from GEC Alstom | [1] | |
Cilacap | PT. Sumber Segara Primadaya (IPP) | Karangkandri | Cilacap | Central Java | Government | Java-Bali | 2 x 300 | 600 | Boiler supplied by Dongfang Electric Corp. Ltd, Turbines and Generators supplied by Dongfang Electric Corp. Ltd | 07°40′31.20″S 109°05′47.40″E | |
Cilacap Adipala coal-fired | PT. Indonesia Power | Adipala | Cilacap | Central Java | Government | Java-Bali | 1 x 660 | 660 | Boiler supplied by Shanghai Electric Corp. Ltd, Turbines and Generators supplied by Shanghai Electric Corp. Ltd | [4] | |
Cirebon coal-fired | PT. Cirebon Electric Power (IPP) | Kanci Kulon | Cirebon | West Java | Private | Java-Bali | 1 x 660 | 660 | Boiler, Turbines and Generators supplied by Doosan Heavy Industries and Construction Co., Ltd. | 6.7704°S 108.6151°E | [4] |
Indramayu coal-fired | PT. PLN | Sumur Adem | Indramayu | West Java | Government | Java-Bali | 3 x 330 | 990 | Boiler supplied by Babcock & Wilcox Beijing Co., Turbines and Generators supplied by Beijing Beizhong | [4] | |
Labuan coal-fired | PT. Indonesia Power | Labuan | Pandeglang | Banten | Government | Java-Bali | 2 x 300 | 600 | Boiler supplied by Dongfang Electric Corp. Ltd, Turbines and Generators supplied by Dongfang Electric Corp. Ltd | ||
Labuhan Angin coal-fired | PT. PLN | Labuhan Angin | Central Tapanuli | North Sumatra | Government | Sumatra | 2 x 115 | 230 | Boiler supplied by China National Electric Equipment Corporation Corp. Ltd. (CNEEC), Turbines and Generators supplied by China National Electric Equipment Corporation Corp. Ltd. (CNEEC) | [5] | |
Lontar coal-fired | PT. Indonesia Power | Lontar, Teluk Naga | Tangerang | Banten | Government | Java-Bali | 3 x 315 | 945 | Boiler supplied by Dongfang Electric Corp. Ltd, Turbines and Generators supplied by Dongfang Electric Corp. Ltd | ||
Ombilin coal-fired | PT. PLN | Ombilin | Sawahlunto | West Sumatra | Government | Sumatra | 2 x 100 | 200 | Boiler from Stein, Turbines and generators from GEC Alstom | [1] | |
Pacitan coal-fired | PT. PLN | Sukorejo | Pacitan | East Java | Government | Java-Bali | 2 x 315 | 630 | Boiler supplied by Dongfang Electric Corp. Ltd, Turbines and Generators supplied by Dongfang Electric Corp. Ltd | [4] | |
Paiton | PT. Paiton Energy (IPP) | Paiton | Probolinggo | East Java | Private | Java-Bali | 2 x 670, 2 x 610, 1 x 850 | 2,300 | Boiler supplied by ABB, Turbines and Generators supplied by GE | [4] | |
Paiton (PLN) coal-fired | PT. PLN | Paiton | Probolinggo | East Java | Government | Java-Bali | 2 x 400 | 800 | Boiler from ABB Combustion Engineering, Turbines and generators from Toshiba | 7.7155°S 113.5849°E | [2] |
Pelabuhan Ratu coal-fired | PT. Indonesia Power | Pelabuhan Ratu | Sukabumi | West Java | Government | Java-Bali | 3 x 350 | 1050 | Boiler supplied by Shanghai Electric Corp. Ltd, Turbines and Generators supplied by Shanghai Electric Corp. Ltd | [6] | |
Rembang coal-fired | PT. PLN | Sluke | Rembang | Central Java | Government | Java-Bali | 2 x 315 | 630 | Boiler supplied by Dongfang Electric Corp. Ltd, Turbines and Generators supplied by Dongfang Electric Corp. Ltd | 06°38′18.21″S 111°28′27.41″E | [4] |
Suralaya Baru coal-fired | PT. Indonesia Power | Suralaya | Cilegon | Banten | Government | Java-Bali | 1 x 625 | 625 | Boiler from Shanghai Co. Ltd, Turbines and generators from Shanghai Co. Ltd | 5.892°N 106.03°E | [3][4] |
Suralaya coal-fired | PT. Indonesia Power | Suralaya | Cilegon | Banten | Government | Java-Bali | 4 x 400 3 x 600 |
3,400 | Boiler from Babcock & Wilcox Canada, Turbines from MHI Japan; generators from Mitsubishi Electric Co. | ||
Tanjung Jati-B I coal-fired | PT. Central Java Power (IPP) | Bangsri | Jepara | East Java | Private | Java-Bali | 2 x 662 | 1,320 | Boiler supplied by Babcock & Wilcox, Turbines and Generators supplied by Toshiba | [4] | |
Tanjung Jati-B II coal-fired | PT. Central Java Power (IPP) | Bangsri | Jepara | East Java | Private | Java-Bali | 2 x 662 | 1,320 | Boiler supplied by Mitsubishi Heavy Industry, Turbines and Generators supplied by Toshiba | [4] | |
Tarahan coal-fired | PT. PLN | Tarahan | South Lampung | Lampung | Government | Sumatra | 2 x 100 | 200 | Boiler supplied by Jinan Co. Ltd, Turbines and Generators supplied by Wuhan Co. Ltd | ||
Total | 50 | 18,630 |
Proposed or under construction
Power station | Operator | Location | District | Province | Sector | Region | Capacity per Unit (MW) |
Installed Capacity (MW) |
Remarks and Plant Coordinates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central Java coal-fired (by the end of 2016) | PT. Bhimasena Power Indonesia | Ujungnegoro | Batang | Central Java | Private | Java-Bali | 2 x 1000 | 2,000 | [7] |
Tanjung Awar-Awar coal-fired | PT. PLN | Kaliuntu | Tuban | East Java | Government | Java-Bali | 2 x 350 | 700 | Boiler supplied by Babcock & Wilcox Beijing Co. Turbines and generators supplied by Beijing Beizhong |
Madura coal-fired | PT. PLN | Pamekasan | East Java | Government | Java-Bali | 2 x 100 | 200 | ||
Bojonegara coal-fired | PT. PLN | Bojonegara | Cilegon | Banten | Government | Java-Bali | 3 x 740 | 2,220 | |
Tanjung Jati-A coal-fired | PT. Bakrie Power | Cirebon | Cirebon | West Java | Private | Java-Bali | 2 x 660 | 1,320 | |
Nusa Penida coal-fired | PT. PLN | Nusa Penida | Bali | Government | Java-Bali | 2 x 100 | 200 | ||
Anyer coal-fired | PT. PLN | Anyer | Banten | Government | Java-Bali | 1 x 330 | 330 | ||
Kuala Tanjung coal-fired | PT. Ranyza Energi | Kuala Tanjung | South Sumatra | Private | Sumatra | 2 x 112 | 224 | ||
Banjarsari coal-fired | PT. Bukit Pembangkit Innovative | Banjarsari | Lahat | South Sumatra | Private | Sumatra | 2 x 100 | 200 | |
Banyuasin coal-fired | PT. Banyuasin Power Energy | Banyuasin | Banyuasin | South Sumatra | Private | Sumatra | 2 x 100 | 200 | |
Baturaja coal-fired | PT. Priamanaya Power Energi | Baturaja | Ogan Komering Ulu | South Sumatra | Private | Sumatra | 2 x 100 | 200 | |
Simpang Belimbing coal-fired | PT. GH EMMI | Gunung Raja | Muara Enim | South Sumatra | Private | Sumatra | 2 x 150 | 300 | |
Arahan coal-fired | PT. PLN | Arahan | Muara Enim | South Sumatra | Government | Sumatra | 4 x 600 | 2,400 | |
Central Bangko coal-fired | PT. BA & CHD (China)[11] | Bangko Tengah | Muara Enim | South Sumatra | Private | Sumatra | 4 x 620 | 2,480 | |
Tanjung coal-fired | PT. PLN | Tanjung | Tabalong | South Kalimantan | Government | Kalimantan | 2 x 55 | 110 | |
Total | 34 | 13,084 |
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Indonesia]
First coal-fired power plant in Singapore limits emissions
Singapore’s first utility plant to burn coal will be opened
officially next Wednesday - although it has been operational since
August.
The first stage of Tuas Power’s $2 billion Tembusu Multi-Utilities Complex on Jurong Island burns low-sulphur coal, palm kernel shells, wood chips, natural gas and diesel to supply steam and electricity to industries here.
[http://www.eco-business.com/news/first-coal-fired-power-plant-in-singapore-limits-emissions/]
The first stage of Tuas Power’s $2 billion Tembusu Multi-Utilities Complex on Jurong Island burns low-sulphur coal, palm kernel shells, wood chips, natural gas and diesel to supply steam and electricity to industries here.
[http://www.eco-business.com/news/first-coal-fired-power-plant-in-singapore-limits-emissions/]
Coal Specification for Kapar
KEV Power Station
Kapar Energy Venture (KEV) is a coal fired IPP situated in the district of Klang, Selangor. It is partially owned by TNB but operated as a full fledged IPP. The Power Station has a capacity of 1600MW of coal fired generation capacity consisting of two Units of 300MW each and two Units of 500MW each. KEV utilises bituminous coals only and the plant is equipped with ESP. KEV’s coal receiving facility is designed to unload vessels of up to Panamax sizes, where the site has access to deep water of 13 m draft during high tide.
[http://www.tnb.com.my/tnbf/Attachment_B.php]
Kapar Energy Venture (KEV) is a coal fired IPP situated in the district of Klang, Selangor. It is partially owned by TNB but operated as a full fledged IPP. The Power Station has a capacity of 1600MW of coal fired generation capacity consisting of two Units of 300MW each and two Units of 500MW each. KEV utilises bituminous coals only and the plant is equipped with ESP. KEV’s coal receiving facility is designed to unload vessels of up to Panamax sizes, where the site has access to deep water of 13 m draft during high tide.
[http://www.tnb.com.my/tnbf/Attachment_B.php]
List of coal-fired plants in Malaysia
Coal-fired (or combined gas/coal)
Plant | State | Coordinates | MW | Type | Owner/operator | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jimah Power Station | Negri Sembilan at Lukut | 2°35′11″N 101°43′21″E | 1,400 | Thermal (2 ST) | Jimah Energy Ventures Sdn Bhd | [14] |
Manjung Power Station | Perak at Manjung | 4°9′44″N 100°38′48″E | 2,295 | Thermal (3 ST) | TNB Janamanjung Sdn Bhd | [14] |
Mukah Power Station | Sarawak | 2°55′56″N 112°11′32″E | 270 | Thermal (2 ST) | [14] [15] | |
PPLS Power Generation Plant | Sarawak in Kuching | 110 | Thermal (2 units) | PPLS Power Generation, a subsidiary of Sarawak Energy Berhad | ||
Sejingkat Power Corporation Plant | Sarawak at Kuching | 100 | Thermal | Sejingkat Power Corporation Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Sarawak Energy Berhad | [14] | |
Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Power Station | Selangor at Kapar | 3°7′1″N 101°19′1″E | 2,420 | Thermal (6 ST), open cycle (2 GT), natural gas and coal with oil backup | Kapar Energy Ventures Sdn Bhd | |
Tanjung Bin Power Station | Johor at Pontian | 1°20′3″N 103°32′55″E | 2,100 | Thermal (3 ST) | Tanjong Bin Power Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Malakoff | [14] |
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Malaysia]
The top 10 biggest thermal power plants in India
More than 65% of India's electricity generation capacity comes from
thermal power plants, with about 85% of the country's thermal power
generation being coal-based. The 10 biggest thermal power stations
operating in India are all coal-fired, with seven of them owned and
operated by state-run National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC).
Power-technology.com profiles India's 10 biggest thermal power plants by
installed capacity.
[ http://www.power-technology.com/features/feature-the-top-10-biggest-thermal-power-plants-in-india/]
[ http://www.power-technology.com/features/feature-the-top-10-biggest-thermal-power-plants-in-india/]
Manjung Coal-Fired Power Plant, Perak, Malaysia
The Manjung coal-fired power plant, sponsored by Tenaga Janamanjung, is located on a man-made island off the coast of Perak in Malaysia. It generates 2,100MW from its three 700MW units.
The plant is located 4.5m above sea level, making coal imports easier. Construction began in September 1999 and the three 700MW units became operational in 2004.
The project suffered some delay as a result of the 1997/98 Asian economic crisis. It was completed at a cost of about $1.8bn.
The plant was built to meet the 80% electricity demand of Malaysia on natural gas. The three 700MW units, with a rotating speed of 3,000rpm, use clean coal combustion technology and environmental control systems provided by Alstom to cut down emission levels.
[http://www.power-technology.com/projects/manjung/]
Type of Coal
Type of Coal
Initially
the peat is converted into lignite or 'brown coal' - these are
coal-types with low organic maturity. In comparison to other coals,
lignite is quite soft and its colour can range from dark black to
various shades of brown.
Over many more millions of years, the continuing effects of temperature and pressure produces further change in the lignite, progressively increasing its organic maturity and transforming it into the range known as 'sub-bituminous' coals. Further chemical and physical changes occur until these coals became harder and blacker, forming the 'bituminous' or 'hard coals'.
Under the right conditions, the progressive increase in the organic maturity can continue, finally forming anthracite.
In addition to carbon, coals contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and varying amounts of sulphur. High-rank coals are high in carbon and therefore heat value, but low in hydrogen and oxygen. Low-rank coals are low in carbon but high in hydrogen and oxygen content. Different types of coal also have different uses.
Over many more millions of years, the continuing effects of temperature and pressure produces further change in the lignite, progressively increasing its organic maturity and transforming it into the range known as 'sub-bituminous' coals. Further chemical and physical changes occur until these coals became harder and blacker, forming the 'bituminous' or 'hard coals'.
Under the right conditions, the progressive increase in the organic maturity can continue, finally forming anthracite.
In addition to carbon, coals contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and varying amounts of sulphur. High-rank coals are high in carbon and therefore heat value, but low in hydrogen and oxygen. Low-rank coals are low in carbon but high in hydrogen and oxygen content. Different types of coal also have different uses.
Coal formation
Coal formation
All living plants store solar energy through a process known as photosynthesis. When plants die, this energy is usually released as the plants decay. Under conditions favourable to coal formation, the decaying process is interrupted, preventing the release of the stored solar energy. The energy is locked into the coal.Coal formation began during the Carboniferous Period - known as the first coal age - which spanned 360 million to 290 million years ago. The build-up of silt and other sediments, together with movements in the earth's crust - known as tectonic movements - buried swamps and peat bogs, often to great depths. With burial, the plant material was subjected to high temperatures and pressures. This caused physical and chemical changes in the vegetation, transforming it into peat and then into coal.
[http://www.worldcoal.org/coal/what-coal]
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